Queen Victoria - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2866 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/20 Category History Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: King Essay Did you like this example? Queen Victoria is associated with Britains great age of industrial expansion, economic progress, and especially, empire. At her death it was said, â€Å"Britain had a worldwide empire on which the sun never set† (Axelrod-Contrada 23). Queen Victoria set the tone of the British Empire for later monarchs by ruling through a series of powerful prime ministers who took political control of Britain. In the early part of her reign, two men influenced her greatly: her Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne, as well as her husband, Prince Albert, whom she married in 1840. Both men taught her much about how to be a ruler in a constitutional monarchy where the monarch had very few powers but could wield much leverage. It was during Victorias reign that the modern idea of the constitutional monarch, whose role was to remain above political parties, began to evolve. However, Victoria was not always non-partisan, and she would exploit opportunities to express her opinions, sometimes ver y forcefully, in private. Victoria was born at Kensington Palace, London, on the May 24, 1819. She was the only daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent. Her father died shortly after her birth, making her heir to the throne because the three uncles who were ahead of her in the line of succession (George IV, Frederick Duke of York, and William IV) had no legitimate children who had survived. Victoria was warmhearted and lively. She had a gift for drawing and painting. Victoria was a natural diarist and kept a regular journal throughout her life. On William IVs death in 1837, she became Queen at the age of 18. â€Å"I was awoke at 6 oclock by Mamma, who told me that the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham were here, and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing-gown), and alone, and saw them. Lord Conyngham (the Lord Chamberlain) then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this m orning, and consequently that I am now Queen† (Nevill 103). On her first day as monarch, Queen Victoria assured Lord Melbourne that it had long been her â€Å"intention to retain him and the rest of the present Ministry at the head of affairs† (Arnstein 37). In practice, she had no alternative because Melbourne’s coalition of Whigs and Radicals outnumbered the opposition Tory (or Conservative) party, headed by Sir Robert Peel in the House of Commons and by the Duke of Wellington in the House of Lords. Before long, the young queen’s primary concern became Melbourne’s retaining his majority in Parliament while she retained Melbourne as her chief minister. Within a very few weeks she had persuaded herself that Melbourne was â€Å"a thoroughly straightforward, disinterested, excellent and kindhearted man† (Arnstein 38). Whatever the subject, the prime minister was able to explain it to Victoria â€Å"like a kind father would do to his chil d; he has something so . . . affectionate and kind in him, that one must love him† (Arnstein 38). The partnership that began in June 1837 between the 58-year-old prime minister and the 18-year-old queen remains one of the most unusual and most engaging of political romances in recorded history mostly because their deliberations, their conversations, and the gossip that they exchanged were recorded in detail by Queen Victoria herself in the entries that she made each night in her journal. In the queen’s eyes Melbourne was himself a truly romantic figure. He had served since 1806 as a Member of Parliament. He had survived the Napoleonic Wars and the ‘era of domestic unrest’ that followed. He not only knew personally most of the influential people in the Britain of the late 1830’s, but he had also met, and could vividly describe, their parents and their grandparents. It was through Lord Melbourne that Queen Victoria developed an immediate sense of wh at it had been like to experience the Regency era. Victoria was aware that Melbourne had endured a difficult family life: his wife, Caroline Lamb, had been guilty of numerous infidelities including a passionate and widely publicized affair with the poet Lord Bryon. She had died mad, and yet he had never deserted her. Their only surviving child, a son, was an epileptic who had died at age 29. A lonely widower, Melbourne possessed both the time and the desire to serve for several years not only as the Queen’s prime minister but also as her private secretary, her riding companion, and often her dinner and after-dinner companion. They spent as many as six hours together on a single day, talking not only about politics past and present but also about clothing and hair styles, about marriages historical and contemporary, and about the presence and absence of personal beauty among member of the court circle and elsewhere† (Arnstein 39). By the standards of the 1830’s , Melbourne at 58 was an old man, but for a time, he was stimulated by the enthusiasm and by the energy of the young queen. As time passed, she necessarily became influenced by Melbourne’s Whig political philosophy, which was tolerant but mildly cynical. Victoria became so partisan a Whig n her private comments that the prime minister felt compelled to remind his monarch at regular intervals that the Tory party also possessed able members who made useful contributions to public debate and who might one day serve as her ministers. Melbourne headed a reform ministry, but by 1837, his main desire became calming the political waters. He supported an ideological position halfway between absolute rule and democracy. On the one hand, he feared the prospect of popular democracy: if the illiterate masses were abruptly granted the right to choose their rulers, then they would in all likelihood fall victim to demagogues. On the other hand, Melbourne much preferred the rule of law and of reason, even as he was fully prepared to accept that most people failed to behave reasonably much of the time. â€Å"You had better try to do no good,† he told Victoria on one occasion, â€Å"and then you’ll get into no scrapes† (Arnstein 39-40). Even as some of his cabinet colleagues sought to expand the role of the national government, Melbourne preferred a regime that focused on two purposes: to prevent and punish crime and to preserve contracts. Although most historians have credited Melbourne with the best of intentions in the education of his new sovereign, many have been critical about his failure to develop Victoria’s social conscience. He had no desire to abolish England’s reformed Poor Law of 1834, which continued by the means of parish Poor Law unions and workhouses to provide food, clothing, and shelter for the very poor, the very sick, and the very old. Although somewhat reluctant, he also went along with the Factory Act of 1833 , which prohibited children under nine from working in cotton mills. Children aged 9 to 13 were to be limited to an 8-hour working day and to be given schooling forced by law. Neither Melbourne nor any other political leader of his day expected to transform Britain into a society resembling the post-1945 welfare state. He took it for granted that although his ministry might pass regulations involving child welfare and public health, it lacked the authority, the personnel, and the financial resources to provide all of Victoria’s subjects with ‘cradle-to-the-grave-security’. On such matters, Queen Victoria found it easy to agree with the wisdom of the day. At the same time, she was quite sympathetic to personal tales of distress when called to her attention. In due time, the question arose of when and how Victoria might appropriately find a husband. The Tories hoped that a husband might cause the ‘Whig Queen’ to become a less partisan monarch whi le the Whigs realized that without a husband, Victoria could not continue the royal succession. If she married, then Victoria could rid herself of her mother as palace chaperone, but it could also introduce the possibility of disagreements with the new husband. As the queen admitted to Melbourne, she was â€Å"‘so accustomed to have my own way. ’ Melbourne responded: ‘Oh! but you would have it still’† (Arnstein 46). Elizabeth was very much aware that since her childhood, her Uncle Leopold had hoped for a marriage with Albert, the younger son of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. When Albert and his elder brother came to Windsor for a visit, Victoria found Albert beautiful: â€Å"His blue eyes, his exquisite nose, his broad shoulder, and his fine waist, his conversational talents, his love of music, and his ability to dance† (Arnstein 46). Within three days she confided in Lord Melbourne that she had changed her opinion about marriage. In mar ital matters, a reigning queen had to take the initiative. Two days later, with Melbourne’s encouragement, she proposed marriage to Albert. He accepted. A wedding date was set for February 10, 1840, and another chapter in Queen Victoria’s life was about to begin. A few months before Albert became her husband, Queen Victoria remarked to her Uncle Leopold that â€Å"the English are very jealous at the idea of Albert’s having any political power, or meddling with affairs here – which I know from himself he will not do† (Arnstein 67). Albert may not have moved to England to meddle, but he was increasingly absorbed by the affairs of his adopted country, and his intention was to enhance the role of his new wife, the queen. As he was to explain to the Duke of Wellington a decade later, his purposes were â€Å"to sink his own individual existence in that of his wife – to aim at no power by himself or for himself – to shun all ostentati on – to assume no separate responsibility before the public – to make his position entirely a part of hers – to fill up every gap which, as a woman, she would naturally leave in the exercise of her regal functions – continually and anxiously to watch every part of the public business, in order to be able to advise and assist her at any moment in any of the multifarious and difficult questions brought before her, political, or social, or personal. To place all his time and powers at her command as the natural head of the family, superintendent of her household, manager of her private affairs in her communications with the officers of the Government, her private secretary, and permanent Minister† (Arnstein 67). Albert preferred to see himself always as a servant, but he was obviously an intensely ambitious servant; one whose hope it was to strengthen the influence of the British monarchy not only as a symbol of morality and domesticity, but also as an active player in day-to-day government. In the course of the 1840’s, with Queen Victoria more often pregnant than reigning, Albert did indeed come to play an increasingly important political role. He examined the papers in the dispatch boxes, and to a deepening degree, he added comments to the dispatches themselves. He participated in almost every personal meeting that Queen Victoria held with either her prime ministers or with a member of the Cabinet. He accompanied Victoria to Parliament when she formally opened and closed each annual session, and when she read her ‘Speech from the Throne,’ he sat on a throne of his own next to hers. Occasionally he presided at royal receptions in her palace. In every royal home (Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, and later Osborne and Balmoral), Albert and Victoria worked at adjoining desks for many hours each day. Their relationship became as much a political as a domestic partnership. It was Albert who wrote the lengt hy memoranda and who in a broadening role, came to draft her letters to her ministers. In fact, if not in name, their partnership became a dual monarchy. By 1845 a close observer of palace procedure took note of the fact that Albert and Victoria always met ministers together and began each sentence with ‘We. He went on to say: â€Å"The Prince is become so identified with the Queen that they are one person, and as he likes business, it is obvious that while she has the title he is really discharging the functions of the Sovereign. He is King to all intents and purposes† (Arnstein 68). To place Queen Victoria’s reign in its appropriate context, both the era preceding and the era following her reign shall be discussed. The Georgian Era was followed by Queen Victoria’s Era. After her reign concluded, the Edwardian Era was ushered in. The Georgian Era was a period of British history that included the reigns of George I, George II, George III, and George IV. Es sentially, the king called the shots for everything that happened during this period. Social reform under campaigners, politicians, and members of the Clapham Sect brought about changes in social justice and prison reform. There was a revival of Christianity and non-conformists. Hospitals, Sunday schools, and orphanages were also founded during this era. The loss of the American Colonies and the American Revolution occurred during the Georgian Era and were looked upon as national disasters. â€Å"The expansion of the empire brought fame and sowed the seeds of the worldwide British Empire of the Victorian and Edwardian Eras which were to follow† (Chesney 27). The Victorian Era of the United Kingdom encompassed the period of Queen Victoria’s reign from 1837-1901. It was a long period of prosperity for the British people, including a largely developed middle class. Industrial improvements at home and large profits from oversea trading became major factors to the Uni ted Kingdom’s success. The Victorian Era is often characterized as the Pax Britannica, a long era of peace. The House of Commons was run by two major political parties, the Whigs and the Tories; later known as the Liberals and the Conservatives. Gothic revival architecture became increasingly significant during the Victorian Era. As mentioned earlier, Queen Victoria was part of the government, but the Prime Ministers were the ones who ran the country. During the 19th century, Britain went through a rapid population growth almost doubling its size. Wages were kept down and housing was expensive and scarce. In London, large houses were turned into tenements and flats, which later developed into the slums of London. â€Å"Hideous slums, some of them acres wide, some no more than crannies of obscure misery, make up a substantial part of the, metropolis In big, once handsome houses, thirty or more people of all ages may inhabit a single room† (Chesney 54). The Victorian Era was notorious for the employment of young children. Children ages 5 to 15 worked in factories and mines, and they often worked as chimney sweeps. Child labor was mostly brought on by economic hardships; children had to work because their families were put into debtor’s prisons. Queen Victoria’s influence on society was not so great. From a certain standpoint, one could say that Victoria shunned society, leaving everything up to her prime ministers. The Edwardian Era in the United Kingdom was the period of King Edward VII’s reign from 1901-1910. Socially, the Edwardian Era was a period where the British class system was very rigid. There were economic and social changes that created more mobility than what was previously shown during the Victorian Era. Changes in socialism, women’s suffrage, and opportunities caused by industrialization were most prevalent during the Edwardian Era. Upper classes developed leisure sports, which led to fashion outbrea ks such as the corset. In conclusion, while Victoria was Queen there was a tremendous change in the lives of British people. Britain became the most powerful country in the world, with the largest empire that had ever existed, ruling a quarter of the worlds population. The number of people living in Britain more than doubled, causing a huge demand for food, clothes and housing. Factories and machines were built to meet this demand and new towns grew up, changing the landscape and the ways people lived and worked. Railways, originally built to transport goods, meant people could travel easily around the country for the first time. It is probably impossible to overestimate Victoria’s importance to the history of the 1800s. The age itself has become known as the Victorian era, both for the supremacy of the British Empire during her reign, and because of her personal reputation. Bibliography †¢ Arnstein, Walter L. Queen Victoria. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. â⠂¬ ¢ Aveling, J. C. H, Tindal Hart, M. S. Stancliffe, et al. A House of Kings. Ed. †¢ Axelrod-Contrada, Joan. Women Who Led Nations. Minneapolis: The Oliver Press, 1999. †¢ Carpenter Edward. London: n. p. , 1966. †¢ Duff, David, ed. Queen Victorias Highland Journals. Exeter, England: Webb Bower, 1980. †¢ Fry, Plantagenet S. The Kings Queen of England Scotland. London: Dorling Kindersley Limited, 1990. †¢ Hibbert, Christopher. Queen Victoria A Personal History. Cambridge: First Da Capo Press, 2000. †¢ Hibbert, Christopher. Queen Victoria in Her Letters and Journals. Great Britain: Sutton Publishing, 2000. †¢ Nevill, Barry St. John, ed. Life at the Court of Queen Victoria, 1861-1901: With Selections from the Journals of Queen Victoria. Great Britain: Sutton Publishing, 1997. †¢ Plunkett, John. Queen Victoria First Media Monarch. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. †¢ Saint, Andrew and Gillian Darley. The Chronicles of London. L ondon: George Weidenfeld Nicolson Limited, 1994. †¢ Strachey, Lytton. Queen Victoria. McLean: IndyPublish, n. d. †¢ Warner, Marina. Queen Victorias Sketchbook. London: Macmillan London Limited, 1979. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Queen Victoria" essay for you Create order

Music As A Universal Experience - 1375 Words

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Instruments of Ifugaos and Negritos free essay sample

Filipino instrument that is used to make percussion sounds that resemble those of maracas. The instrument has a long, thin wooden handle, and, when it is played, it is struck with another long, slim piece of wood to produce the distinctive sound. Tongali Four-holed nose flute. There are stories from this region that say that the nose flute was used to help rice grow when it was young, as the rice was attracted to the soft sounds of the flute, and would grow to put its ear above the water to hear it better. Paldong lip valley flute, Open bamboo pipe, top end cut at an angle. Bangibang Set of at least seven wooden bars made of hard wood. Each bar has its own pitch and is hit by the player with a short stick of hard wood. Players have one stick each and play their own rhythmic pattern, which fall together. Instruments of negritos Pas-ing the strings which are made of thin strips of bamboo still attached to the main body raised by small wooden bridges for ease in plucking them. The main body is a piece of bamboo cut with both ends closed by the node. These bamboo instruments produce short, detached sounds that are distinctly different from the twangy sounds of the guitar. Kalaleng a  nose flute  made from  bamboo  from the  Philippines. Usually around two feet in length a kalaleng has holes cut in the side, to be stopped by the fingers producing the notes. The player closes one nostril with a bit of  cotton, then forces the air from the other into a small hold cut in the end of the tube. Litguit traditional Filipino instrument that is used to make percussion sounds that resemble those of maracas. The instrument has a long, thin wooden handle, and, when it is played, it is struck with another long, slim piece of wood to produce the distinctive sound. Songs of Negrito Duerme Negrito Duerme, duerme, negrito que tu mama esta~en el campo, negrito te va~a traer codornices para ti te va~a traer rica fruta para ti te va~a traer muchas cosas para ti. Y si el negro no se duerme viene el diablo blanco y zas le come la patita chacapo, chacapo, chacapo, chacapo, chacapo, chacapo, lay laray la la laray la que tu mama esta en el campo negrito, trabajando, (si) trabajando,todo el dia, trabajando, si. Duerme, duerme, negrito que tu mama esta en el campo negrito, negrito Sandia Te contare la historia muy triste de recordar, que trata de un negrito con cara angelical. Pero segun memoria, al aprender a hablar, salio mas deslenguado que un perico de arrabal. Negrito Sandia ya no diga picardia Negrito Sandia o te acuso con tu tia. Y mientras ella te va a agarrar en los cajones he de buscar una libreta para apuntar los garrotazos que te va a dar. Con el palo que utiliza el castigo te horroriza. Y despues de la paliza me voy a morir de risa. Negrito Sandia ya no diga picardia O ya vera, O ya vera. Y sigue aqui el cuento, tan triste de repetir, de aquel negrito lindo igual a un querubin. Por su comportamiento consejos yo le di, y como buen ingrato los guardo en un calcetin. Negrito Sandia (mareas) cuando dices tonterias (tan feas) y te sale ? cataplum! de la boca una culebrita loca. El dia que sea mayor de edad, y te presentes en sociedad, seras grosero y descortes cuando discutas con un marques. Pues siguiendo tu costumbre hablaras hechando lumbre. ademas, de buena gana, te echaran por la ventana. Negrito Sandia ya no diga groserias. O ya vera. O ya vera. Songs of Ifugao Hitun Algo Hitun Algo an e nadatngan An e taku punhi-anan Tun adol way naminhodan Tun adol an e uumyong Chorus Hi bigbigat ume kami Mu adim ot anhan kaliwan Hantun mahmo an tagu An e midaddawi ke dakayu Dakol da di binabai An mestisay ang-ang da Mo maid pinhod un dida Te heay di impuhuwan Nomnomnomom adim kal-iwan Handin kinalik ke hea Te maid udum hi pinpinhod ko Ten hea ya abuh Itetem (Gopnad Version) Itetem ta humgopa Ti teh tu an nakatolak An nalpuh nidaddawi Nidaddawi-dawin bole Itetem itetem inoh ta humgopa Humgop ka humgop ka hi bale ta Te neyan nakaktol ka hmm hmm Humgopka hi bale ta te neyan nakaktol ka Imnas (3x) balbalala Imnas Balbalasibasem oh Imnas ay ay ay ay Dumlig ka ta umbonak Ti teh tu an nakableyak An nalpu nidaddawi Nidaddawi-dawin bole Dumlig ka Dumlig Ka inoh ta umbonak Dumligak Dumligak ta umbon ta Te neyan nakable ka hmm hmm Te neyan nakable ka Nunhilbi hi tatagu Imnas (3x) balbalala Imnas Balbalasibasem oh Imnas ay ay ay ay Mun akud Ka ta mangan ta Ti teh tu nakaaganganak An nalpuh nidaddawi Nidaddawi-dawin bole mun akud ka mun akud ka inoh ta mangan ta Mangan ta kanon tay intamu ta Intamu ta an tinawon hmm hmm Anun tay intamu ta intamu ta an tinawon Imnas (3x) balbalala Imnas Balbalasibasem oh Imnas ay ay ay ay Iyabok mu ta malok ta Ti teh tu makahuyhuyupak An nalpuh nidaddawi Nidaddawi-dawin bole Iyabok mo Iyabok mu inoh ta malok ta Music of Mindanao KaseladengPalagoy kaseladeng Ka kerarab a kalasan. | DeerRun, run away, deer For the forest is burning. | KatebonanOman ko katademan A kiyatebonan o taw, Na rabayin ako a lo. | Tabon EggsAs I recall the time that People searched for tabon eggs, My tears run down my cheeks. | KanditagawnanAdaw Ditagawnan, Na pamola ka sa obi Na gawnen ta imanto Na itinda ta bo amay A ken o madakel a taw. | ChumsHey Chum, Plant camote which Today we shall harvest And cook tomorrow For the people to eat. | KapelawlawdMelawdlawd ako Ka da kawanan da diwang; Miyangarodan ako Ka da diwang da kawanan.

From Slavery to Equality Americas Struggle with R Essay Example For Students

From Slavery to Equality: Americas Struggle with R Essay HjhaceThe Emancipation Proclamation issued by the then President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, freed the black slaves in 1863. However, freedom did not guarantee the rights of equality and acceptance to these slaves. For years to come and generations to follow the black man of America, and other minorities for that matter, have had to struggle for his rights of freedom, liberty and justice. The most significant, volatile, violent and dynamic time of this struggle was during the civil rights movement in the middle part of this century. During the 50s and the 60s many feared that the civil rights movement might fall apart or it will fail to achieve its objectives. Amongst them was Anne Moody who, thinking about overcoming the racial barriers, says, I wonder, I really wonder. (Anne Moody, Coming of age in Mississippi, Dell publishing 1968). Today, fifty some years down the road from the movements of Martin Luther King, Malcolm X and Bobby Seale, basic education is accessible, public facilities and institutions are open to all, affirmative action is required by employers, educators, governments and other entities. Despite these tremendous forward leaps we find minorities in America still wanting to be equal, respected and accepted. The civil rights struggle, not the just the movement years, is still going on and will go on till all races and minorities are practically treated as equal citizens of this country. In the aftermath of the 1863 Emancipation Declaration the black men

To Observe the Motor Skill Development of a Toddler

Irish Immigration Paper 2014

Irish Immigration Paper 2014 Irish Immigration Paper 2014 Irish Immigration Christian Jones American Immigration and Emigration CRN 2872 November 19, 2014 Many immigrants from all over the world decided that they want to come to America to try and start their life over and hopefully prosper in this foreign land. Many other immigrants however didn’t have an advantage that the Irish had. They seemed to already have a start ahead of the Germans, Italians, and Asians. It seemed that it was much easier for the Irish to assimilate into American culture manly because they looked like most Americans which was white and spoke English just with an accent. May of the other immigrants either didn’t look white or had to learn how to speak English. Also with Ireland being so close to Britain they shared similar culture practices and since America was a British colony at one point some of British culture is engrained into the American way of life. Irish have been coming to America for a very long time to try and escape the massive poverty that engulfed much of the land and the people. We can see that much of the poverty that was over in Ireland followed many people because many Irish didn’t have a trade or any skills, they just worked on farms. For many of the Irish country folk, everything that was so pleasant back home they tried to remember but this would be soon gone as many of their kids began to Americanize by trying to fulfill the American dream that many of their parents stop chasing after. So the struggle they had in Ireland was now their struggle on foreign soil and they wanted to chase the American dream, some were successful while many weren’t but you can see in history how the Irish helped build America, through labor, power and fear. This dream made and broke a lot of Irishman and due to this many lived very different lifestyles, but one thing that they all had in common was that they brought the heritage of the Irish to America and engrain it, in some of the culture and building that we see today in many cities such as Boston, buffalo and Chicago. It was a struggle for many to come he re but once they did many of these cities because diverse in culture the Irish became diverse in the society of America. Between 1845 and 1852 the Great Famine struck Ireland all over and caused devastation across the land. In the worst year of 1847 many of the Irish peasants were being evicted from their homes and couldn’t find a place to live. One woman named Bridget Nolan wrote to her son â€Å"This is the poorest winter that ever I had since I began the world, without house nor home nor a bit of food to eat. The potato crops have failed again, and all Ireland is dying, your sisters are fainting with starvation, and we are without friend or fellow to give us a sibling. For god’s sake, have pity on us! On my two bended knees I pray- Take us out of this gulf of misery and save us from the hunger†. This puts a vivid picture into your head on how bad things were. While reading her this you can sense the desperation and sense how bad things were for many. She was just one among half a million that were evicted to which the Irish call it â€Å"The Great Hunger† and this was one of the reasons of the mass Irish immigration to America, they didn’t have any other options other than to stay and starve. With many leaving so did many of the Irish speaking, in 1901 only about 14 percent of Ireland still spoke their native language. But the Great Famine wasn’t the stop of immigration to America, from 1861 to 1926 four million Irish, mostly Catholics. This amount of Catholic migrants you can imagine didn’t fair to well in American because the majority who practiced religion were protestant and had some sort of British Heritage since it was a British colony at one point. While many were able to migrate away from their problems in Ireland many faced new and similar problems in America. However all of these new problems started in the shipyards of England where many had to leave from mainly in Liverpool. Since

Comparative Analysis of American and Soviet Perspectives on the 1962 Essay

Comparative Analysis of American and Soviet Perspectives on the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis - Essay Example The two nations have some valid grounds for assigning different relevance to different truths, and even to similar truths. Apparently, the truths themselves, regardless how popular, understood, or overlooked, are similar for both (Fursenko & Naftali 1997). Furthermore, as claimed by Fursenko and Naftali (1997), even nowadays, the crisis is not accurately known. Scholars on both sides have concentrated on how the events of the crisis have made subsequent leaders more cautious and more keenly sensitive to the importance of preventing decisions that could provoke another war. However, there is insufficient knowledge in the United States as to the reason that incident is referred to by the Soviet as the ‘Caribbean crisis’, and how it may be critically considered as originating even partly from the U.S. decisions (Hirschbein 1997, 137). There is insufficient knowledge in the Soviet as to the reason it is appropriately viewed in the U.S. as a crisis caused by the covert entran ce of Soviet medium-range missiles into Cuba. And in these two nations there is inadequate focus on and knowledge of the entire interaction process, including not just conflicting points of view but conflicting paradigms of significant truth, or distinct groups of realities (Garthoff 1989). As stated by Nathan (1992), especially dissimilar base levels of transparency of documents or source materials in both nations complicate the issue of trying to attain some kind of consolidated historical and political point of view. The Cuban Missile Crisis: Comparing the Perspectives of U.S. and the Soviet Union The Soviet Union and the United States are superpowers with global ambitions, and at times those ambitions come to blows. Crisis management is needed if conflicts... This research aims to evaluate and present the Soviet Union and the United States as superpowers with global ambitions, and at times those ambitions come to blows. Crisis management is needed if conflicts occur; but crisis avoidance rooted in political control and recognition of dissimilarities is much to be desired. Reductions and regulations of arms control are vital in themselves and since they can positively influence political affairs. Nuclear war avoidance, and thus avoidance of any war implicating the Soviet Union and the United States, is of the greatest concern. Analyzing the experience and understanding the importance of the missile crisis of 1962 can help both nations to ascertain not only that this problem never happens again, but also that a bigger crisis never arises. The United States focused on crisis management. This inclination is true generally, and with regard to analysis of the Cuban missile crisis. In contrast, in the Soviet Union the common tendency and utmost attention paid to the 1962 Caribbean crisis has been aimed at improving crisis avoidance and political acceptance, instead of crisis management. Strangely invalidating the common stereotypes, the Americans have been moderate, cynical pragmatists, believing that, unfortunately, conflicts will arise and should be cautiously handled, whereas the Soviets have seemed to be hopeful, if not totally unrealistic, in claiming that crises can and should be avoided by political co-operation.

US Adaptations Of Japanese Horror Films Case Study

US Adaptations Of Japanese Horror Films - Case Study Example Ringu was shown in Japan in 1998, directed by Hideo Nakata, and was considered one of the most popular J-Horror (Japanese Horror) in the country (Internet Movie Database 2011). It was a film adaptation of the novel series, Ring, created by Koji Suzuki. The Ring was released in The US and international theaters in 2001 and was largely a box-office all throughout countries with its release. The Ring was directed by Gore Verbinski and has received a mostly positive response from the audience while critical reception from known critics (IMDb 2011). Although the two films are tracking one storyline, Ringu was regarded more as a supernatural-biological film while The Ring was more of psychological-horror. Specified genre already claimed differences between these two films (Wee 2011). Summary, In order to give justifiable judgment and comparative execution of the two films, common summary, is necessary for better understanding. The story opened with two girls watching TV, and talked about a deadly videotape. It was explained deadly because the videotape was cursed. The curse was that whoever watched the videotape, the viewer will die after 7 days. One of the two girls admitted that she had watched a certain tape with a group of friends but was hesitant about the effect of the curse. She revealed that that night was her 7th day upon watching the film with her friends. After some irregular incidents happened in her house, she was killed by some negative force that came from the TV and was witnessed by her friend. The friend-witnessed was sent to a mental hospital as revealed in the course of the film. The girl who died happened to be the niece of the protagonist of the story named Reiko in Ringu and Rachel in The Ring.

Reading Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading Questions - Assignment Example Michael (1967) defines formative evaluation as a constructive process of evaluation where a great emphasis is laid on the inputs put in the systems that later determine the processes’ quality and the system’s outputs. For instance, in an academic institution, the administration of continuous assessment Tests (CATS) is a pertinent example that can be used to explain; in system design, it used to test each and every stage’s performance, judge whether each state is performing according to specifications. It indicates how the system is performing-the content, the teaching methods, the financing and general administration of education in schools or any other academic institutions. On the other hand, summative evaluation is an evaluation process that determines the ‘worth’ of the entire program or measure against the stated objectives at the beginning of the program or course. A good example is an exam or a series of exams administered at the end of a course or a program. These exams are meant to judge whether the program is effective and reliable, valid content, effective administration or even the pedagogical issues related to teaching processes. The paper has attempted to discuss two of the fallacies or ‘errors of interpretations’ concerning these two fundamental evaluation processes. It will examine the first and second fallacy respectively. The first fallacy states that both terms were introduced to play different roles for evaluation. This distinction between them concerns the relation of the evaluative information to its environment and use that relate to matters of client and the context. The author further notes that there is no essential difference in their properties themselves, for example, between their causal and correlational claims; measures of efficiency and measures of effectiveness. Both formative and summative are different in their functions they serve to determine the extent to which each one them goes. The author points

Motion Coherence and Luminance Effects

Motion Coherence and Luminance Effects Jamie Nourzad   Motion Coherence and Luminance Effects on Visual Evoked Potentials The electroencephalogram (EEG) as described by David Eagleman and Jonathan Downar (2016), is a device designed to measure and record brain wave patterns, and was originally designed for evaluating brain activity of epileptic and brain damaged patients (p. 312). The current study is a replication of Kubova, Kuba, Spekreijse, and Blakemores 1995 study utilizing the EEG to measure the effects of coherence and luminance on motion-onset visual evoked potentials (VEPs). The two independent variables looked at in this study were motion coherence (100% coherent and 1% coherent), and luminance (dim vs bright). The hypotheses were (a.) coherence should affect the amplitude of the N2 peak; specifically, that low coherence should result in a higher peak amplitude, and (b.) luminance (brightness) should affect the latency; specifically, that low luminance should delay the peak. Methods Participants The study participants were Kennesaw State University (KSU) student volunteers from three sections of PSYC 4410. Participants were offered course extra credit of 25 points to take part in the study. Student participants served as both subjects and research assistants. There was no selection criterion for the subjects. The participants serving as research assistants administered the electroencephalogram (EEG) on the subjects (n = 16) in Dr. Tim Martins lab at KSU, under direct supervision of Dr. Martin. Recording and Procedure VEPs were recorded with a 40-channel NuAmps amplifier with the filter set at 0.03 200 Hz, the sampling rate set at 500 Hz, and with linked earlobe reference. Participant subjects and research assistants met for scheduled sessions in Dr. Martins lab. Research assistants applied the EEG cap, gel, and electrodes to the subjects. Subjects were given instructions to look at computer generated stimuli: 400 trials (100 per condition) of 500 moving dots (each 0.02 ° of visual angle in size). Stimuli were presented in viewing aperture 5 ° across. Duration was 500 ms, inter-trial interval 500-2000 ms; randomly varied, using uniform distribution. The subjects were asked to perform small mechanical manipulations on the computer keyboard in response to the visual stimuli. The EEG data was processed by using a low pass filter at 45 Hz. The bad epochs were removed from the data, and all blink artifacts were removed with independent components analysis. Results Results successfully replicated earlier findings (Bach, M., Ullrich, D., 1997; Kubova et al., 1995) showing a clear effect of coherence for dim stimuli on amplitude, but there was no apparent effect of coherence for the bright stimuli. See Figure 1. Discussion Analysis of VEPs serves as a tool in detecting various abnormalities that may involve the visual pathways, such as epilepsy and other brain dysfunctions. Implications of the results of this study support previous research providing evidence that there are various neural mechanisms involved in motion-related VEPs that expand beyond the primary visual cortex (Bach, M., Ullrich, D., 1997; Braddick, O.J., OBrien, J.M.D., Wattam-Bell, J., Atkinson, J., Hartley, T., Turner, R., 2001; Kubova et al., 1995). The hypotheses that low coherence would result in a higher N2 peak amplitude was confirmed. Potential confounders to the study would be research assistant inexperience, as well as the inability to control for both internal and external noise, which could degrade the recordings (Jackson, A.F., Bolger, D.J., 2014). References Bach, M., Ullrich, D. (1997). Contrast dependency of motion-onset and pattern-reversal VEPs: Interaction of stimulus type, recording site, and response component. Vision Research, 37, 1845-1849. Braddick, O.J., OBrien, J.M.D., Wattam-Bell, J., Atkinson, J., Hartley, T., Turner, R. (2001). Brain areas sensitive to coherent visual motion. Perception, 30, 61-72. Eagleman, D., Downar, J. (2015). Brain and Behavior: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective. Oxford University Press. Jackson, A.F., Bolger, D.J. (2014). The neurophysiological bases of EEG and EEG measurement: A review for the rest of us. Psychophysiology, 51, 1061-1071. Kubova, Z., Kuba, M., Spekreijse, H., Blakemore, C. (1995). Contrast dependence of motion-onset and patter-reversal evoked potentials. Vision Research, 35, 197-205. Figure 1. Coherence for dim and bright stimulus on amplitude.      

Should the Australian flag be changed? :: essays research papers

SHOULD THE AUSTRALIAN FLAG BE CHANGED? The Australian flag was chosen in 1901, when a competition was held to design our country’s flag. The guidelines of this competition included that the Union Jack and Southern Cross should appear on the flag. However, I believe that in the year 2001, the Australian flag needs to be changed. During the course of this essay, I will show that the Australian flag does not represent all Australians, in particular, Aboriginal Australians and that the symbols on our flag are no longer relevant and are not unique to Australia. I will also show that the present flag is not instantly recognisable and is too similar to flags of other countries. The current Australian flag does not represent all Australians, in particular, Aborigines. As a nation, Australia is heading towards Aboriginal reconciliation and by changing our flag to include Aboriginal elements, we would take reconciliation a major step further. By acknowledging publicly that Aborigines are a part of our nation, not only are we making it clear to Aborigines that we want to reconcile, but we are also sending out a message to other countries that we are proud to be a multi-cultural country. Our current flag suggests that as a country, we value Great Britain more highly than our own native people. Yet when the AGB conducted a nation-wide survey it discovered that 66% of those polled supported elements of the Aboriginal flag appearing on a new Australian flag. This is another example of our current flag not representing Australians. The Union Jack featured on the Australian flag may once have been relevant, but today holds no special significance for Australia. The Union Jack, a prominent aspect of our flag, symbolises the uniting of England, Scotland and Ireland, to form Great Britain. This was an historic event but even so this is not important to Australia. Some people believe the Union Jack is vital for our flag to symbolise our ties with Britain. However these people often over look the fact that Australia, which is often referred to as the ‘Land of Migrants,’ is made up of a population of which almost 40% of the people are not born here. Much of our population has migrated form other parts of Europe, Asia, South America and Africa. Therefore our ties with Britain are less important and meaningful. If we remove the Union Jack from our flag, this does not mean that Great Britain will not assist us if we find ourselves in need of their aid.

Domestic Tourism Essay

Whether it is to rest, discover new things, meet others or to have a unique experience, everyone has a right to tourism; in short, there are not, there should not be, and there cannot be two categories of human beings, those who can be tourists and those who can only receive them. These two activities are, in fact, but two sides of the same human activity; both of them are noble and respectable and everyone is entitled to them. Domestic tourism (DT), historically speaking, is in fact the first form of tourism that was practised and today it continues to account for the most part of this activity by far: it is estimated that out of the 4.8 billion tourist arrivals per year (2008 figure), 4 billion, or 83%, correspond to domestic tourism. Likewise, the UNWTO’s economists estimate that at the global level domestic tourism represents: * 73% of total overnights * 74% of arrivals and 69% of overnights at hotels * 89% of arrivals and 75% of overnights in other (non-hotel) accommodations In light of these impressive figures, one is prompted to ask three questions: 1. What are the characteristics of domestic tourism? 1. AS FOR ITS CHARACTERISTICS, especially when compared to international tourism, it is possible to start with three fundamental observations: * 11. In contrast to international tourists, domestic tourists know the destination, its language, its customs, its laws, its climate, its cultural context. This has at least two consequences: * 111. As a general rule, domestic tourists are more demanding, especially when it comes to the quality of products, and also with regard to their consumer-protection rights * 112. Out of the four main motivations of tourists (discovery, encountering others, experiencing something unique, resting) the last two are certainly more prominent among domestic tourists * 1121. They seek a very wide diversity of types of destinations and tourism activities, in other words, the range of product offerings should be as broad as possible. * 1122. At the same time, domestic tourism is practiced more in a sedentary (staying in the same place) than a nomadic manner, the latter being more suited for more distant destinations. * 12. Second characteristic: domestic destinations are nearer * 121. Visits are more frequent and there are more repeat stays, notably with family and especially in the rural region of provenance of many urban residents * 122. Land transport is predominantly used: 88% compared to 51% for international tourism * 13. Third characteristic: as the destination is nearer and land transport is used more, the cost of trips is lower: * 131.Given that the barrier represented by trip cost is brought down, domestic travellers seek the best price-quality ratio, or often the lowest possible price, in all segments of the tourism value chain: accommodation, food services, tourism activities, shopping, etc†¦ * 132. they therefore seek alternative, non-hotel accommodations because, among other things, they are going to return several times to the destination and, while there, they prepare subsequent stays by informing themselves about the local accommodation offerings * 133. last, but not least importantly, they stay for longer periods * 14. The combination of these three basic characteristics (knowledge and proximity of the destination, lower cost of transport) brings about an entire series of other consequences; five of them can be mentioned: * 141. The social composition is broader, and domestic tourism involves all social strata, from the richest to persons with modest (but stable) incomes * 142. Certain social categories are much more highly represented in domestic tourism than in international tourism: * families * children and teenagers * seniors * disabled persons * households with modest but stable incomes * 143. This social diversity gives rise to a large diversity in the demand, in terms of accommodation and tourism products as well as activities and destinations. * 144. DT is less geographically concentrated and is relatively better distributed throughout the national territory, with a strong presence in the region of provenance of families. * 145. Unit expenditure is markedly lower than in international tourism, especially interregional tourism, but the overall volume of expenditure is markedly higher. 2. What is its impact on the social life of a country or a region? Five types of main impacts can be mentioned: * 21. DT is much less sensitive to crises, whether economic (e.g., 2009: substitution effect), natural, health or political (e.g., 2005 civil unrest in France). It is therefore an excellent crisis shock-absorber, especially in the case of economic crises. * 22. Due to its income redistribution effect (from tourists to local populations) and its various multiplier effects all throughout the value chain, it is an excellent tool for territorial development, for example for: * zones under redevelopment: e.g., northern China, southern Poland, eastern Germany, northern France, Wales * zones of rural exodus * mountain regions (in France, extremely poor regions in the Alps at the start of the 20th century) * 23. It is an excellent instrument for easing social tensions: * by allowing social categories of modest income to gain access to holidays and rest * by preventing situations where the same people (from the same countries) are always the tourists and with the same people receiving them * 24. It can serve to launch a destination (e.g., some of the oldest resorts of European tourism; the very new resort of Mazagan, Morocco, launched in October 2009 for the domestic market) * 25. From the macroeconomic point of view, it makes it possible to amortize national spending on international tourism: * physical investments: transport, accommodation, development and protection of public spaces (examples of Languedoc, Costa del Sol, Chinese seashore resorts) * intangible investments, mainly training and quality 3. How can we develop strong domestic tourism? One caveat: There is no magic formula and much depends on the national and regional context. A second caveat: The development of domestic tourism should not be regarded as antagonistic or alternative to international tourism; these two forms of tourism are different to be sure, but they complement each other closely and one should not be neglected in favour of the other. It is nevertheless possible to identify some broad guidelines: 31. Diversifying and developing * 311. transport: * low-cost air transport: the comparative advantage of low-cost airlines vis-à  -vis â€Å"traditional† airlines has to do with reductions in ground costs: (headquarters, booking, stops) and turnaround rate: consequently, the shorter the flight, the more competitive low-cost airlines are; it is thus a means of transport that is particularly well-suited to domestic tourism * railway network and especially high-speed rail * road and highway network (e.g., French and Austrian Alps, US) * 312. accommodation * hotels: developing family-run hotels and voluntary chains of independent hotels (pooled marketing, promotion, sales and quality standards) * residences (self-catering by families) * seasonal rentals: notably by developing quality standards and encouraging the establishment of voluntary chains for sales and promotion * camping sites, by moving upmarket (e.g., Morocco) * rural inns: notably through incentives (tax or subsidy) for the renovation of old buildings (a lot of examples worldwide) * bed & breakfasts, by providing them with a legal framework that clearly distinguishes them from hotels (taxation, definition of products, quality standards) * youth hostels * categories for nature, sea and snow (avoiding the serious errors of France on the subject of safety and security regulations) * 32. Adapting accommodations to local demand: the matter of family composition, e.g., China, Europe, Arab countries. As a general rule, accommodations adapted to families are: * larger * lower: one or two storeys * allow greater autonomy: kitchens, washing machines†¦ * allow long stays (sedentary tourism) * 33. It needs consequently to address the matters of: * land costs and development; * very long-term public and semi-public financing; * tax policy * 34. Expanding the demand: this is the role of tourism for all, namely policies that consist in: * 341. Making the demand more solvent, that is, â€Å"boosting† the purchasing power of families with modest incomes through: * holiday vouchers (Italy, France, China) * specific subsidies to low-income families (France, Russia), to young people and to seniors (Spain) * preferential rates on rail transport for families, young people, seniors * 342. Subsidizing accommodations meant for social purposes: works councils, associations, local groups or governments (e.g., in Belgium, Mexico, Brazil) * 343. Developing accessibility for disabled persons. * 35. Developing structures for activity organization and promotion at the regional/provincial level and at the local level (tourism offices) This document is an adaptation of a lecture delivered during the  « Rencontre internationale sur le dà ©veloppement du tourisme domestique  » Algiers, 9 Dec. 2010

Bangladesh’s Environmental Problems essay part 2Essay Writing Service

Bangladesh’s Environmental Problems essay part 2Essay Writing Service Bangladesh’s Environmental Problems essay part 2 Bangladesh’s Environmental Problems essay part 2Bangladesh’s Environmental Problems essay part  1The Impact of Climate Change-Induced Sea Level Riseon the Poor and Vulnerable in Bangladesh  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most serious consequences of climate change in Bangladesh is sea level rise. Many researchers believe that sea level rise has direct impact on the country and its people (Soroar Routray, 2012; Cho, 2008; Shaw et al., 2013).   Besides, sea level rise provides â€Å"synergy to amplify the devastating power of disasters which ravage the country recurrently† (Soroar Routray, 2012, p. 577). Sea level rise has a widespread impact on the coastal environment of Bangladesh. Researchers identify some biophysical impacts, such as â€Å"increased coastal erosion, more extensive coastal inundation, higher storm surge flooding, and landward intrusion of seawater in estuaries and aquifers† (Cho, 2008, p. 28). Sea level rise a ffects the deltas of the rivers Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna. As a result, the key sectors of the economy are at high risk. In other words, the biophysical impacts identified by researchers lead to a wide range of socio-economic impacts. The major socioeconomic impacts include â€Å"increased loss of property and coastal habitats, increased flood risk and potential loss of life, damage to coastal protection and other infrastructure, loss of tourism and transportation functions† (Cho, 2008, p. 29). Besides, sea level rise has a negative impact on agricultural system of the region and aquaculture through considerable quality degradation of water and soil (Cho, 2008),   Researchers argue that mangrove forests play an important role in coastal environment of the region, providing the highest biological productivity. However, sea level rise in the coastal zone of Bangladesh (the area of Sundarbans) may lead to the depletion of mangrove forests. According to Kwangwoo Cho (2008) , â€Å"sea level rise will change the salinity distribution in the coastal zone and hence the productivity of mangrove forests in the region† (p. 29). Today beach erosion can be found along the coastal line of Bangladesh (Cahoon, 2009; Cho, 2008).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Taking into consideration the above mentioned impacts of sea level rise, it is necessary to assess the impact of climate change-induced sea level rise on the poor and vulnerable in Bangladesh (Cahoon, 2009). The statistical data show that the potential land loss due to sea level rise of 100 cm in Bangladesh coastal zone will be 29, 846 km (20. 7%). The population exposed to sea level rise under the absence of adaptability to this crisis will be 14.8 million people (13.5%) (Cho, 2008).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The poor and vulnerable in the coastal zone of Bangladesh may face serious problems caused by sea level rise. One potential problem is the increase in the salinity of coastal area, which could have a potential impact on drinking water and the organisms of aquatic ecosystem (Bhuiyan Dutta, 2011). Another serious problem is the extreme vulnerability of coastal zone of Bangladesh to cyclones and storm surges due caused by climate change induced sea level rise (Cahoon, 2009). Researchers state that â€Å"the Bangladesh coastal zone could be termed a geographical death trap due to its extreme vulnerability to cyclones and storm surges† (Kay Alder, 2005, p. 50). In Bangladesh, a large number of coastal people live in poverty (Dasgupta et al. 2009). They have poorly constructed houses, which are can be easily ruined by cyclones and storm surges. The lack of high quality cyclone shelters, the improper cyclone forecasting and warning systems, as well as the tremendously low lying land of the coastal area lead to the massive loss of human lives from cyclones (Cahoon, 2009; Kay Alder, 2005).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addit ion, poor coastal communities in Bangladesh depend on various forms of coastal aquaculture system to support their families. These forms include crab fishing, shrimp fisheries, and seaweeds culture (Kay Alder, 2005). According to statistical data, â€Å"in Bangladesh, 20 million rural farm households, 40% of whom live below the poverty line of US $1.25 per day, depend on the aquatic agricultural systems† (Resilient livelihoods and food security in coastal aquatic agricultural systems, 2012, p. 2). Sea level rise has negative impact on coastal aquaculture system, making people suffer from the lack of resources to support their livelihoods (FitzGerald et al., 2008). In other words, the poor people living in the coastal zone of Bangladesh will lack the benefits flows from a wide range of coastal resources due to sea level rise (Bhuiyan Dutta, 2011; Cahoon, 2009).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Besides, livelihoods of the poor communities in the forest zones of Ban gladesh, who are dependent on forest resources, will face considerable challenges caused by sea level rise. According to researchers, â€Å"salinity intrusion severely affects forest resources, especially in the coastal region, with moderate impacts on poverty and economic growth†(Thomas et al., 2013, p. 5). In general, there is a close relationship between the effects of climate change, poverty rate and economic growth of the country. It has been found that climate change induced sea level rise creates considerable challenges for the sustainable development of Bangladesh (Thomas et al., 2013; Bhuiyan Dutta, 2011).   The poverty rate identified in the coastal communities of Bangladesh will be increased by the negative effects of sea level rise, including the reduction in agricultural production, reduction in forest resources and aquaculture resources (Thomas et al., 2013).Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that climate change induced sea level rise is a serious environmental problem in Bangladesh. The impacts of sea level rise are different in different areas because of the existing differences in coastal environment. In Bangladesh, the coastal system lacks the required adaptability of both natural system and socioeconomic system. Sea level rise has negative impacts on the low lying areas of Bangladesh, including such impacts as inundation, considerable salt water intrusion, severe coastal erosion, increased ground subsidence and other ones. The vulnerability of Bangladesh to sea level rise in higher than in other Asian countries because of its geographic location and weather conditions.   The impact of sea level rise due to climate change on the poor in Bangladesh leads to reduced employment opportunities, low income and economic challenges. Sea level rise in coastal zone of Bangladesh leads not only to the growth of poverty rate, but also to serious economic and social challenges associated wi th increased drought, increased level of salinity intrusion, flooding and other negative effects. The poor people suffer more than others because they have no opportunity to respond to this crisis effectively.

NO GUI Delphi Applications

NO GUI Delphi Applications ​Console applications are pure 32-bit Windows programs that run without a graphical interface. When a console application is started, Windows creates a text-mode console window through which the user can interact with the application. These applications typically dont require much user input. All the information a console application needs can be provided through  command line parameters. For students, console applications will simplify learning Pascal and Delphi - after all, all the Pascal introductory examples are just console applications. New:  Console Application Heres how to quickly build console applications that run without a graphical interface. If you have a Delphi version newer than 4, than all you have to do is to use the Console Application Wizard. Delphi 5 introduced the console application wizard. You can reach it by pointing to File|New, this opens up a New Items dialog - in the New page select the Console Application. Note that in Delphi 6 the icon that represents a console application looks different. Double click the icon and the wizard will set up a Delphi project ready to be compiled as a console application. While you could create console mode applications in all 32-bit versions of Delphi, its not an obvious process. Lets see what you need to do in Delphi versions 4 to create an empty console project. When you start Delphi, a new project with one empty form is created by default. You have to remove this form (a GUI element) and tell Delphi that you want a console mode app. This is what you should do: Select File New Application.Select Project Remove From Project.Select Unit1 (Form1) and OK. Delphi will remove the selected unit from the uses clause of the current project.Select Project View Source.Edit your project source file: Delete all the code inside begin and end. After the uses keyword, replace the Forms unit with SysUtils. Place {$APPTYPE CONSOLE} right under the program statement. You are now left with a very small program which looks much like a Turbo Pascal program which, if you compile it will produce a very small EXE. Note that a Delphi console program is not a DOS program because it is able to call Windows API functions and also use its own  resources. No matter how you have created a skeleton for a console application your editor should look like: program  Project1;{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}uses  SysUtils; begin// Insert user code hereend. This is nothing more than a standard  Delphi project file, the one with the  .dpr extension. The  program  keyword identifies this unit as a programs main source unit. When we run a project file from the IDE, Delphi uses the name of the Project file for the name of the EXE file that it creates - Delphi gives the project a default name until you save the project with a more meaningful name.The  $APPTYPE  directive controls whether to generate a Win32 console or graphical UI application. The {$APPTYPE CONSOLE} directive (equivalent to the /CC command-line option), tells the compiler to generate a console application.The  uses  keyword, as usual, lists all the units this unit uses (units that are part of a project). As you can see, the  SysUtils  unit is included by default. Another unit is included too, the  System  unit, though this is hidden from us.In between the  begin  ...  end  pair you add your code.

The Culture of Samurai Warriors Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Culture of Samurai Warriors - Research Paper Example In addition, how did the institution of Samurai warriors affect the political system of the Japanese society? The military nobles of ancient Japan are referred to as Samurai. The term was associated with the top and the middle ranks of the Japanese society, a warrior class.1 This class of skilled warriors developed after the Taika reforms which introduced heavy taxes and the redistribution of land. This, in turn, resulted in many small farmers selling their lands and engaging in tenant farmers, since the reforms favored the owners of large tracts of land1. This system served to create a social system where there were a few wealthy farmers wielding immense power and a large population of those who had low income, namely, peasants and tenant farmers who barely had enough for themselves. Consequently, wealthy and powerful landowners and farmers required to protect their interests against the large groups of Japan citizenry who had fewer resources. This saw the birth of the Samurai warri ors tasked to protect the interest of the mighty, wealthy and powerful landowners1. While some of these Samurai warriors were hired individuals, others were the relatives of the wealthy farmers. There was a fundamental principle that guided the institution of Samurai warrior, loyalty to the master. ...The wealthy landowners have organized themselves in clans that amassed wealth by influencing the laws of the land to impose higher taxes on the peasants and the tenant farmers, to make them lose more lands to them. These organized clans eventually established protective agreements that, in turn, allowed them to wield more powers than the traditional ruling aristocracy2. These clans, some of which were made by a formation of alliances of landowners to guard themselves against the collection of taxes by the authorities, established armies to fight for them against the authorities. Such alliances and eventual establishments of armies and weaponry by the farmers’ clans finally creat ed a tradition of Japanese armor that was the basis of the foundation of the Samurai warrior institution. The Samurai grew stronger and started to collect certain taxes but eventually emerged as the political ruling power in Japan1. By 1100, the Samurai had already moved in to fill the vacant position that was left by the loss of control of the traditional Japanese aristocracy. Consequently, they wielded both political and military power over Japan6. The further factor that promoted the rise of the Samurai to power was the death of emperor Toba in 1156 without appointing an heir. His two sons struggled to rise to emperorship and ended up in a civil war in which both lost. The civil war led to the fight between two Samurai clans, the Minamoto and Taira Samurai clans, for power in which the Taira clan won. Consequently, Taira clan established the first Samurai government, and the Minamoto clan was expelled from Kyoto3.

Elon Musk an entrepreneur of the 21th century Essay

Elon Musk an entrepreneur of the 21th century - Essay Example Joseph Schumpeter associated entrepreneurship with the creation of five ‘new combinations’. These new combination were new product introduction, introduction of a new production method, to capture new supply source and to organize the industry in a novel manner. The four factors of production are labour, land, capital and organisation. The other factors are coordinated by the factor organisation. Entrepreneurship is the driving force behind the organisation. Entrepreneurs should have thorough knowledge of the industry and should be natural leaders. They should have foresight and risk taking ability (Robertson, n.d.). The entrepreneur of the 21st century will achieve success through his reach of the global markets. The entrepreneur of this century does not only bring about innovation in the market but also explores new methods of surviving in the dynamic market. An entrepreneur often has to face several obstacles in his approach towards innovation. The investors in his business may not be able to understand his vision. They may not be in favour of the innovation and may not be willing to take the risk. The 21st century is facing rapid changes in technology and entrepreneurs are taking the benefit of these changes to increase productivity. They are using their resources in innovative ways to increase their profitability. The entrepreneurs of today are all set to compete on a global scale through their mergers and acquisitions. The entrepreneurs of this century are poised to take the global challenges in their stride (Robertson, n.d.). All people do not become entrepreneurs. The main characteristic that makes a person a successful entrepreneur is innovative mindset and leadership skills. He should not be risk averse. He should be able to organise and coordinate. He should be alert to identify the opportunities in the market. They should be ‘gap fillers’ which means that they should be able to identify which products the

Edgar Allan Poe and Suspense in Poe and Jackson Term Paper

Edgar Allan Poe and Suspense in Poe and Jackson - Term Paper Example This can be accredited to the actuality that most of his stories were short, interesting and easy enough to be classroom material, or due to their ability at pandering the present sullen morbidity that is characteristic of early adolescence or late childhood. American literature reached its peak maturity in the XIX century through the works of different writers such as Melville and Hawthorne, Thoreau and Emerson, Whitman and Longfellow, Twain and Poe, who was oddly in his own category. He has had a far-reaching influence on not only mass culture, but he has been able to provide rare insights into elite culture. As an innovator, he was quite resourceful: it is evident through his invented modern detective tales such as The Mystery of Marie Roget, The Purloined Letter, and The Murders in the Rue. He, together with Bram Stoker and Mary Shelley, is a progenitor of horror movies (Datlow 59). Poe was always worried a lot about life after death, especially in terms of the body and soul bein g depicted in the number of his narratives that entailed characters being buried alive, or of corpses having a life as zombies or of characters who were kept, under hypnosis, animate. He was gifted in the creation of small, enduring images that have up to this era remained in the collective psyche of a wide range of audiences. In his work – The Masque of the Red Death – Poe describes an intricate floor plan for the imperial suite of Prince Prospero with the strange design of the ball-room location emanating from the Prince’s eccentric tastes of decoration and his love of the weird. All the seven rooms of irregular shapes add to the suspense of the viewer with there being a sharp turn at every twenty or thirty yard distances, with each turn eliciting a novel effect. All successive rooms had different colors, a sort of progressive journey through a range of garish hues with the last chamber being black. This view only got from a gaze through a window tinted red. T he reader is held in suspense due to his/ her vague grasp of the different room’s signature colors (Jackson 67). Soon, the imperial suite becomes the scene of a crime with both the prince and his guests succumbing to a succession of bloody murders committed by an unknown assailant. Furthermore, the architecture entailed in these successive rooms also adds to the sense of suspense due to their eliciting luminal spaces between the notions of reality and illusion. The architecture of the suite, which is complicated, is symbolic of the reader’s limited comprehension. In his other work – The Black Cat – the readers encounter a character who after getting drunk, releases his guilt and self-hatred on his wife’s pet cat by grabbing it but the cat bites him. In revenge, he takes out one of its eyes but this quickly heals, though the cat’s presence is a continuous reminder of his failings. Eventually, though, the narrator gets rid of the cat by hangin g it from a tree. There is a twist to this event with his house burning down except for a section of the wall that has sketched on it the image of a giant cat (Datlow 58). Later on, he finds a new cat that has much similarity to the first in a bar and he takes it home. The reason behind this was so as to aid in undoing his previous act of violence. The feline’

On Becoming A Leader Essay Example for Free

On Becoming A Leader Essay Nowadays, the title of â€Å"leader† seems to be sloppily thrown here and there. For the inexperienced eye, if someone seems to be the dominant individual in a group, people automatically ascribe the term to the person. Nowadays, it seems to be more of having a title than meeting that title’s responsibilities. It is imperative for a leader to know what enables his leadership; he should know how he had come to that position. In retrospect, a good study of the great leaders has amounted to a list of qualities that they innately possess. Bennis, (2003) in his book, â€Å"On Becoming A Leader† talks about what it takes to become a leader. There are different so-called â€Å"ingredients† that the author attributes the greatness of those people who have been worth enough to be called leaders of their generation. He speaks of ingredients such as guiding vision wherein a leader knows where he is going and knows how to get there. It is the proverbial horizon that the leader looks to. Another ingredient is passion—it is an enduring love for what he is doing. The author also speaks about integrity and being honest to oneself. He talks about the importance of doing away with self-deception and aligning one’s thoughts with one’s words and actions. He adds curiosity and a daring attitude to the mix as he stresses the importance of learning how to not be satisfied with the status quo by taking on challenges which have real-life risks. Finally, he closes with one of the most poignant traits that a leader must have. He bases his findings on a simple, yet hard-to-define element: trust. The author gives several reasons why it is important for a leader to be trustworthy. This trait essentially speaks of a leader’s integrity and how he deals with other people. Bennis says that it is one of the qualities that can only be earned and not acquired. It is given freely by the leader’s peers and followers. (Bennis, 2003) Trust is said to be one of the essentials that a leader needs in order to have his or her group up and running. Like a car without fuel, a leader will not be able to function if those under the leadership do not trust him. More than anything, this is the most vital part of any type of leadership. If the people are unable to follow the leader because they do not trust him or her, then it would be better if there was no one to follow at all. Apart from trust, all of the other ingredients are learned. Ordinary people will eventually learn how to look at the big picture and become accountable to themselves and to others. Leaders-to-be will eventually engender a love and a passion for what it is that they do but on of the things that cannot be learned is the trust that comes with responsibility. To be able to look at one’s follower and have that person say to you, â€Å"I trust you† is one of the most precious ingredients a leader can ever have. It is the cherry on top of everything else—the so-called icing on the cake without which everything will simply be ordinary and out-of-the-box. With all of the talk of having certain qualities that a leader needs to have, all of the ingredients are important but none as important as the trust that is earned by a leader.

Emily Brontës Wuthering Heights :: essays research papers

Wuthering Heights   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Perhaps one of the greatest love stories of all time, Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights is the tale of a love that is stronger than death. Through the theme of unbegotten love and unwavering remorse, Bronte creates a brooding atmosphere that cannot be lifted. With Cathy’s underlying passion for Heathcliff and his undying love for her, the passion and suspense are represented magnificently.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bronte provides the use of an outside character, Mr. Lockwood, to portray this passionate story. Mr. Lockwood is troubled by the strange atmosphere which surrounds the estate of Wuthering Heights. Through his curiosity and determination, the story is slowly unfolded. Mr. Lockwood’s feelings and interpretations during the telling of the story emphasis the themes and atmosphere provided by Bronte. This man’s feelings and desires for the young Cathy only adds to the twists and turns of this wonderful tale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theme of revenge is very prominent in this tale as well. Heathcliff’s plot to unite the two families through the marriage of his son Linton and Cathy’s daughter Catherine is a major part of the story. Heathcliff is a dangerous and cruel man, made that way by his unrequited love for Cathy. He hopes to get his revenge on Edgar by receiving his estate when he dies. His revenge plot was heightened when he would not allow Catherine to see her father before his death. She then lived with the belief that her father died without the knowledge that she loved him. His revenge was somewhat spoiled by the

Macbeth- General Information, Rough Essay

then is revealed as being weak and easily manipulated. He then descends into become a murderous madman. one realizes Macbeth’s transformation into one of drama’s most infamous villains coincides with a profound transformation of his conscience—to a point where he has none at all. Throughout the play Macbeth makes a journey from following a moral ethic, implementing a flawed ethic, and arriving to a point where he had none at all. When comparing Banquo and Macbeth, after they meet the weird sisters, one see’s that Banquo adheres to warrior ethics where Macbeth moves away from it.At the start of the play Macbeth was idolised by everyone and thought to have been a man of very great power whom could be defeated by nobody: â€Å"All is too weak for brave Macbeth – well he deserves that name† 1. 2. 15. It is stated in this quote by the Captain that at the start Macbeth was known as a brave heroic man, which his enemies were too weak to overthrow. B y the end of the play his status falls from a man of great magnificence to one that has barely managed to keep his own sanity.Thus our first description of Macbeth is that of a brave, loyal soldier defending his King and country He appears to be a strong military leader ‘brave Macbeth- well he deserves that name’’, is then called ‘noble Macbeth' and given the traitor’s title, Thane of Cawdor: ‘’with this former title greet Macbeth’’. The Captain tells the King killed the traitor Macdonald in a very horrible and gory manner ‘’unseamed him from the nave to th’chops’’ Therefore, we are led to believe that Macbeth is a good, loyal, courageous, and determined man.Things From the moment they are introduced to the play the witches are seen as a negative effect on Macbeth, creating chaos by prophesysing to Macbeth that he is going to become Thane of Cawdor ‘’All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor! ’’ and that he is going to become king ‘’All hail, Macbeth! That shall be King hereafter’’and getting him to act. He knows he is already Thane of Glamis, but does not know that Duncan has promoted him to Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth is surprised by the promise of kingship.Banquo's prophecy is even more fantastic: he will be the father of kings but not king, and will be greater and happier than Macbeth. That is the moment when Macbeth wants to know more. The witches basically planted the seed of evil in Macbeth’s mind that later on grew to dominate his every action. However, it was Macbeth’s ambition that decided to take action on these prophesies, therefore it was he that decided the final outcome. When Ross and Angus enter to proclaim Macbeth's promotion, he is very surprised:‘’The Thane of Cawdor lives, why do you dress me in borrowed robes? ’ Moreover, Macbeth believes that this is the f ulfilment of the witches prophecies, However, there is no clear reason why Macbeth would become king, especially since the present King is so loved and admired. In the next few lines it becomes apparent that Macbeth not only has thought about being king, but he also believes what the witches told him is true: Glamis, and Thane of Cawdor: The greatest is behind Two truths are told, As happy prologues to the swelling act Of the imperial theme. (1. 3. 115-116, 126-128)This is the first time we see him realising that he might have to do something, as killing Duncan, in order to get to the throne. He debates the good and the bad side of the prophecies : ‘’If good, why do I yield to that suggestion whose horrid image doth unfix my hair’’ we are shown that Macbeth not only loves his King and country,’’our duties are to your throne and state, children and servants’’ but also himself. It still remains to be seen what action he will take. Macbeth's change has begun. **Soon enough, we are taken to Macbeth’s home, wherewe meet his wife, Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth has just received a letter from her husband in whichhe tells her everything that has happened. Because the witches got him very interested in their prophecies, he has had them investigated and has ’’ learned by the perfectest report that they have more in them than mortal knowledge. ’’ It is clear that after calling the witches ‘imperfect speakers' (1. 3. 68), Macbeth has now changed his mind. He also interprets the prophecies and tells his wife a slightly changed version.He addresses her ‘’my dearest partner in greatness’’ and seems to be sincere. Lady Macbeth, however, is determined that her husband becomes king. she says that Macbeth lacks the qualities necessary to assassinate Duncan without remorse or regret: ‘’yet do I fear thy nature, it is too full o’th’milk of human-kindness to catch the nearest way’’ . she hen prays for supernatural help to take away all of her feminine qualities and basically any traits of conscience: ‘’ unsex me here, and fill me from the crown to the toe top full of direst cruelty! ’, ‘’stop up th’access and passage to remorse’’, ‘’that my keen knife see not the wound it makes’’. After Macbeth arrives, Lady Macbeth is telling him to ‘’look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under’t’’ and to ‘Leave all the rest to me' This implicates her in the murdering of Duncan and shows us that she is taking the responsibility. She is essentially taking over. After the King arrives at the castle and prepares to sleep peacefully, Macbeth is still debating how he can achieve the crown without getting caught.He doesn’t want to do it personally; he wants to get it over with:’ ’ If it were done, when’tis done, then ‘twere done well it were done quickly’ and doesn’t really want to kill his cousin and King; he has a conscience: ‘’he’s here in double trust’. On the other side, he’s obsessed with becoming king and his thoughts keep flowing in the same direction: ‘’I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambitions, which o’er-leaps itself and falls on the other’’. We see duality when he says: ‘’we will proceed no longer in this business’’ and tries to procrastinate the murder.His wife then plays games with his mind and basically psychologically bullies and pressures him into killing Duncan by telling him that he is less than a man if he does not carry out the murder:’’ when you durst do it, then you were a man; and, to be more than what you were, you would be so much more the man’â€℠¢, and that she, being a woman has more strength of purpose than he does: ‘’i would, while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums, and dashed the brains out, had i sworn as you have done to this’. As soon as Macbeth has kills Duncan, he seems to start to lose his ind. He starts hallucinating: ‘’is this a dagger which i see before me, the handle toward my hand?Come, let me clutch thee. I have not, and yet I see thee still’’. He is unable to think clearly and is very paranoid. He is ready to eliminate anything that stands in his waybecause oft his ambitions for himself and the fear of being discovered. He just doesn't know what to do with himself while trying to keep the crown. Even though he is committed to Duncan, he Because Macbeth is afraid of the witches’ prophecy that he will lose the crown: ‘’To be thus in nothing, but to be safely thus.Our fears in Banquo stick deep’â₠¬â„¢ and Banquo will become king, he sends people to kill Banquo and Fleance. He hires three murderers in order to make sure that they won’t be able to escape. They ambush Banquo on his way to a royal feast, but Fleance escapes into the night. Macbeth is now the prisoner insolent and nagging doubts and fears,: ‘’But now I am cabined, confined, bound in to saucy doubts and fears’’, and is now paranoid because Fleace has escaped: ‘’There the grown serpent lies; the worm that’s fled hath nature that in time will venom breed’’.

Burma’s Peaceful Transition to a Democratic Future Essay

Burma is an Asian country that attained its independence on 4th January 1948 and is bordered by China on the North and Thailand on the East. it was referred to as the union of Burma in 1948. On January 4th 1974 it changed its name to the union of Burma and then on 23rd September, 1888 it reverted to the union of Burma. In 1989, then it changed the name again to the union of Myanmar and this was through the efforts by the state law and order restoration council (SLORC). It is a country whose population has had a lot of significance in Burma’s politics. The Burmese government is known as Myanmar and assumed an authoritarian feature that is dominated by a military leader. There have been substantial efforts to switch to a more democratic moves but these efforts have be hampered by the military which is against this move for example in 1990, a parliamentary government was elected but the Burma’s military could not let it to convene. Burma has a population of about 50 million people and has 500,000 troops who have been helping the government to create a regime of fear by denying the citizens most of their basic rights. Some democratic leaders have come up and visualized a viable idea of freeing the people from the torture they get from the government. In 1992 with his party the National League for Democracy, managed to scoop 82 % of all country’s parliamentary seats but the military regime which used dictatorship principles declined to transfer power to the leaders that were democratically elected. For more than ten years later, Aung San Suu kyi was put on house arrest and was released only in 2002. Her release was viewed by many as the only hope to the establishment of Burmese democratic government that would be sensitive to the people’s needs unfortunately in 2003 herself and many of her supporters were killed by a rowdy mob that was sponsored by the government. This conflict between the majority and the minority became evident after Burma achieved independence in 1948. It was at this time that Aung San Suu was given the mandate to control all those areas that traditionally were not controlled by only single community. After 1948 when the Burmese constitution was signed, constitution right have not been exercised on the minorities, they also do not have pieces of land and especially those that formerly belonged to their people. Since the war period, the Burman minorities have been sidelined by the majority who are the Burmese Burma was a British colony from the 1920s and this continued up to 1948. Though the Burma’s heartland was ruled directly by the colonial powers, the surrounding regions were allowed to rule themselves and this led the loyalty to split along the ethnic lines. The dominant ethnic group is the Burmese that comprise of 68 percent of the whole population and minority accounts for the remaining 32 percent. Religion in Burma has played a key role in causing further divisions. There are many religious in Burma for example there are Muslims, Buddhists and Hindus. These religious divisions have been aggravating the situations for example in 1991; more than a quarter million Muslims were evicted from their homes. This was exacerbated by the fact that there were many alliances formed. They were forced to cross the border to Bangladesh where they were accepted as refugees by the Bangladesh government but were helped by the international community with the basic needs. Today, the Burmese government is led a prime minister whose regime is greatly accused of displacing thousands of Burmese communities both internally and externally, some community such as Karen, Mon and Kareni were forced to seek refuge in Thailand. Those that are internationally displaced receive a better treatment than those that are internally displaced as the later are mistreated by the military. It is estimated that about 600,000 citizens have been internally displaced and are constantly looking for ways they could avoid slavery. They are used as slaves by this government as many of them are conscripted in the army by force or are left with no other choice except from joining the drug network that is sponsored by the state. There are various movements that have been trying to free the population of Burma from military. Some of these are; the Junta, the Karen National Union and the Moi Tai army though their efforts did not materialize because most of the current military officials are from the community with the majority that oppresses the minorities. So, it is really hard to make any advance but there is one very vibrant group that has mobilized the minorities to participate in a non-violent peaceful demonstration. Led by Buddhist monks, these people protested against the abuse of human rights and matched in groups of more than hundred thousand protestors in the streets. The Head of the State, General Shwe who is also the chairman of the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) is greatly criticized by the United States and the European governments which have imposed various sanctions that are enforced thorough consumer boycotts. The United States of America and the European governments using their influence led other Western nations to stop cooperating with Burma. Though these governments have been relentless in enforcing bans against Burma, some western companies are still cooperating due to some loopholes in sanction application. Most of these are the oil companies. Such as the American oil company and the French oil company. Also Cherron and the Yadana natural gas pipeline that runs from Burma all the way to Thailand is so much in use. There are still Asian businesses that operate in Burma for example the Daewoo Company that invests in extracting resources. The United States government in collaboration with the European governments also imposed sanctions on Burma’s clothing as well western nations to stop sourcing from Burma and more particularly those shops that were either partially or wholly supported by the government. After those peaceful protests, a good number of people stopped getting their products from Burma and these were led by an individual like Levi Strauss who was very vibrant in keeping up with the fight against the government products for example from 1992,many American cloth and shoes companies stopped acquiring their properties from Burma. In 2003, the united government banned Burma’s imports as in accordance with the Burmese freedom and democracy Act that was amended in the year 2003 however, some people have attacked this United States strategy of forcing this government to step down as has led many people to suffer greatly. Despite these critics, the move was supported by the Burmese democratic movement and has supposed by the Burmese democratic movement and has vowed to keep encouraging the western world to impose harder and stricter sanctions against the military government (Smith M. 1991) Burma insurgency and the politics of ethnicity London and New Jersey. Zed books. The human watches in Burma have highlighted all the crimes against humanity but there is no judiciary to address the problem any such move faces strong opposition from the military government. There is no free communication that is allowed by the Burmese military government in fact no one is allowed to access the internet and the search engines such as Google, G mail, hotmail and yahoo so the Burmese citizens are less informed. What the government has done is that it does not allow these companies to operate in its territory and as such they are blocked. If people have to access materials from the internet, they must first of all be filtered and censored by the military government. They use US filtering soft wares such as the Fortinet to censor emails, web pages and pro-democratic pages. In Burma, child soldiers are forcefully conscripted. They are also forced to punish their fellow military friends by being giving death threats incase they do not as they bare told. Children are conscripted in army by force. These children are promised to be jailed if they do not accept to join the army. Since the military regime usurped power in 1962, after overthrowing sthe democratically elected government, this regime has been one of the worst violators of human rights in the whole universe. The climax reached after the (SLORC) State Law and Order Restoration Council was changed To State Peace And Development Council sometimes back in 1997, November. This party in 1988 seized the states powers established itself and forcefully removed the little pretence that was there that they were upholding the dignity of the citizens and took part in massacring the demonstrates who were demonstrating against the creation of this undemocratic regime. They were marching in the streets of Rangoon and Burmese towns and cities when the military forces descended on them killing thousands. According to the comment that was made by the amnesty international human rights violation and torture were like a Burmese institution and they even listed various forms of abuses that were perpetrated by this corrupt regime. This report was further affirmed by the United Nations and other human rights watchdog. These abuses that they listed were for example torture, murder, litany abuses, forced displacements of citizens, holding or arresting individuals and keeping them in detention houses without trials and various litany abuses. These were the activities that were characteristic of this military regime and citizens have suffered enormously under it. Children were also abused by the military that forcefully conscript them in the army and also the villagers were forced to work for the military. Children are reportedly said to have been raped and defiled by the troops. The military operations that are from time to time conducted in various villages and these led to deterioration of living standards for example this was witnessed in Karen state and Shan state in 2001. This has forced many to be to run away to the neighboring states such as Thailand while those who are unable to move out of the country were internally displaced. The internally displaced and lived in the camps for internally displaced received very harsh treatment by the ruling military regime than those who manage to seek refuge in the neighboring states. The military regime do not in any way follow the internationally agreed freedoms for example the civil and political rights though Burma is a signatory to various international peace accords. Everything that happens in this country must be censored including the exhibitions. There is completely no freedom of expression. Even publications are not spared as they are censored by the government infact it is only sports and romance magazines are not censored. The broadcasting media houses are state owned and the government has the monopoly over them. They only air information that is favorable to them for example you it is common to see junta’s generals making speeches and from these stations and instead they go for less biased information. The SLOPCS has been very determined in curtailing the freedom of speech. Though they try to censor the information given by the public media, there are international ones that give more accurate information and these are what people rely on. These are stations such as the British broadcasting corporation (BBC), the democratic voice of Burma, radio Free Asia and the Voice of America (VOA). Apart from these international radio stations, any other person who goes against this decree risked twenty years imprisonment as per the 1996 decree. These are some of the laws that are enforced by this government without any regard to the international law standards. Burma is a resource-rich country that suffers from government controls and abject rural poverty. The military regime took steps in the early 1990s to liberalize the economy after decades of failure under the â€Å"Burmese Socialism†, but those efforts have since stalled. Burma has been unable to achieve monetary or fiscal stability, resulting in an economy that suffers from serious macroeconomic imbalances including a steep inflation rate and an official exchange rate that overvalues the Burmese kyat by more than 100 times the market rate. Burma is a nation that is rich in various natural resources for example the country has precious such as pearls and rubies. The country is also rich in natural gases. In 1962 its economy was performing well when compared to other economies of the developing nations but the socialist party which assumed power later changed the economic status of Burma for example it replaced the capitalism mode of economy with socialism that advocated for central planning as opposed to central planning. Due to this economic change it became one of the poorest developed nations of world. In addition, most overseas development assistance was cut after the junta suppressed the democracy movement in 1988 and subsequently ignored the results of the 1990 election. A crisis in the private banking sector in early 2003 followed by economic moves against Burma by the United States, the European Union, and Japan – including a US ban on imports from Burma and a Japanese freeze on new bilateral economic aid further weakened the Burmese economy. Burma is data poor, and official statistics are often dated and inaccurate. Published estimates of Burma’s foreign trade are greatly understated because of the size of the black market and border trade – often estimated to be one to two times the official economy. Better relations with foreign countries and relaxed controls at home are needed to promote foreign investment, exports, and tourism. In February 2003, a major banking crisis hit the country’s 20 private banks, shutting them down and disrupting the economy. In July and August 2003, the United States imposed a ban on all Burmese imports and a ban on provision of financial services, hampering Burma’s ability to obtain foreign exchange. As of January 2004, the largest private banks remained moribund, leaving the private sector with little formal access to credit outside of government contracts. In Burma the rate of unemployment is very high and the prices of commodities are very high and life standards are very high. According to one businessman said that the situation in Burma was moving from bad to worse and that there was looming danger of social unrest, lectures, professors and pipeline construction workers are poorly paid. Due the constant mass uprising by the democratic movement against this regime, it was rendered bankrupt in 1988 in the onset of the 21st century, it was on the lowest income generating countries in the world but it has greatly reversed this situation because it dropped its economic isolationism. It has also welcomed the foreign investors in its economy so that it would strengthen its military bases. In response to its call, UNOCAL and TOTAL oil companies came to its rescue. In Burma, there are military controlled economic sectors such as Myanmar economic holdings limited and the Myanmar economic corporation that is, UMEH and MEC respectively. These two industries which are controlled by the Burmese military are the ones that dominate the economic sector of Burma. UMEH is geared towards military strengthening while MEC is geared towards shifting the defense cost from the public sector to the private ones but both corporations have a part to play in strengthening the military base of Burma. Though European Union has been imposing economic sanctions to Burma its sanctions are not as stricter as those of the United States. It has invested a lot in Burma and it doesn’t want to lose the much that it has invested. United States has been very keen in reinforcing the bans or sanctions that have been imposed on Burma. The US government particularly has imposed a ban on its investments in this country and has also placed a ban against Burmese exports. Since the bans were proposed, US is the only nation that has implemented them. In the past, the European Union has not been imposing strict sanctions but starting from last year it has increased economic sanctions on precious metals and on imports such as gemstone and timber but they still demand for fresh elections to be held and human rights to be respected. It is only thorough these ways that the country can witness a transition from military rule to a democratic one. It had eased its sanctions basing its reasoning on its above conditions. Japan has been very friendly to Burma. It has never failed to support this military regime though on a small scale. Infact it is one of the major donor in Burma but it is reconsidering its foreign policy on Burma especially after a Japanese journalist was killed. It said that it would cut the aid that Burma gets from it. The other reason for it to withhold its financial aid was in 2003 when San Suu Kyi was kept in detention by the Junta. They believed that was the only best move that would pressurize the military regime to address the democratic principles that have never been allowed to take root in this regime. In 2002,Japan supported Burma’s government with 17 million US dollars on top of that it gave Burma the technical support it needed Japan which was all this time shying away from enforcing sanctions on Burma as the US and UK were doing, it changed its policy after this saga. The British government pressurized the European Union to increase sanctions until san Suu Kyi was realized but it was assured that these sanctions would be eased if Suu Kyi was released. That nation that seems to support Burma or appears or appears or appears to be annually to Burma face violation by the US and UK government and this has occurred to china and North Korea. This is based on misconception that these close friends would be providing economic support to this government that has little regards for its citizens. The United States for example was very bitter because Burmese government suppressed democracy and imposed its will on people and that is why it has imposed sanctions. The heroic stature of Aung San Suu Kyi has greatly helped in making Myanmar to be recognized world wide. China has been blamed for helping this region for its support. The western world cannot sway the Juntas government for this to be effective, then the regional ASEAN countries such as India, Thailand and especially china must first be willing to transform this government. China has been asking Myanmar to quell violence and control protesters but it seems this is falling on deaf ears. China has been helping Burma in international affairs management for example it has been very vibrant in keeping the issue of Burma out of the United Nation’s agenda but the United States and the British governments have been on the other side. Due to many economic sanctions that have been imposed on this regime, it finds it even hard to provide aid to its people who living in poverty. The aid that Burmese gets is below par and is the lowest in the region especially when it compared with that of the local countries for example, an individual’s aid is counted as 2. 5 dollars per head while that of Laos’s stands at 63 US dollars. China has been accused of providing Junta with military aid thus limiting the chances of democracy being realized. It has continued to conduct business relations with. Burma but it is because of some factors that are understandable and some of these are that Burma is rich in useful natural gases that china is interested in again Burma provides China with an overland route to the Indian ocean so Chinese government would not do anything to destroy its relations with Burma. Though there have been calls for better treatment of protestors, they fall on deaf ears. The amnesty international has been pressurizing the United Nations to impose embargos and sanctions on China so that peace in Burma would be realized. This is based on understanding that the Burmese military government relies on china for most of its assistance so, if china was to cut its military aid then, the Burmese government would be unable to control the nation there by creating a platform of peace transition. If the new government would come in place, it would not find it hard to sustain itself even without getting any financial aid from other countries. There are a lot of minerals that aid from other countries. There are a lot of minerals that would help the government to finance its entire government projects. The new government should create confidence among its citizens so that they would participate in the economy thereby making the economy of this nation even stronger. This government should also extend its business relations with other nations as many of them do not have those minerals and definitely they would be so much interested in them. Work cited. Altsean-Burma: Alternative Asean Network on Burma campaigns, advocacy and capacity-building for human rights. 2008. Accessed on Wednesday, March, 2008 at http://www. altsean. org/ Andrew S. Burma’s Armed Forces: Power without Glory. Norwalk: East Bridge. 2002; 45-56 Burma net News. Accessed on Wednesday, April 30, 2008 at www. burmanet. org BBC News. Analysis: Burma’s economic Crisis. 15th March, 2002, 13:47 GMT Accessed at http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/business/1871326. stm Brookings. Quality, independence and impact. Retrieved on April 30, 2008 at www. brookings. edu Donald M. S. Burma-China Relations: Playing with Fire. Asian Survey, Vol. 37, No. 6, 1997; 533 International Crisis Group. Working To Reduce Crisis World Wide. Retrieved on April 30, 2008 at http://www. crisisgroup. org/home/index. cfm Myanmar. com. New Light of Myanmar. April 30, 2008 Accessed on April 30, 2008. At http://www. myanmar. com Philip S. Robertson: Sanctions Are Working in Burma. 2003. Online commentary at www. irrawaddy. org/com/2003/com31. html Accessed on August 2003. Smith M. Burma insurgency and the politics of ethnicity. London and New Jersey. 1991; 78